July 23. 1917: Birth of feminist, lesbian, pacifist, and civil rights activist Barbara Deming. 1944: International Monetary Fund and World Bank are established as part of the Bretton Woods monetary agreements. Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. 1967: Start of seven days of rioting in Detroit, ultimately resulting in 40 dead, 2,000 wounded and 5,000 made homeless. 1968: Police kill seven in standoff with black nationalists in Cleveland, triggering a day of riots and four more deaths.

July 25. 1648: York county court upholds authority of colonists to kill on sight any free Indian they saw in settled area. 1898: U.S. invades and colonizes Puerto Rico, overthrowing the autonomous government and recolonizing the island as one of the spoils of the Spanish- American War. 1963: Police arrest 23 young blacks in a sit-in at Seattle City Council chambers protesting appointment of only two blacks to the city's new Human Rights Commission.

July 26. 1833: Slavery abolished in all British dominions. 1947: U.S. armed forces consolidated in newly created Dept. of Defense, replacing the previous U.S. War Department. The same legislation, the National Security Act, also establishes the CIA, the National Security Agency, and numerous other secret "black budget" agencies outside public review.

July 27. 1868: U.S. and Mexico, in joint resolution, outlaw enslavement of remaining Navajo. 1954: Democratically elected government of Jacobo Arbenz overthrown by CIA-paid mercenaries, Guatemala. The U.S. establishes a dictatorship which has waged a genocidal war against Guatemala's rural Mayan Indians ever since. 1995: Clinton signs salvage logging rider into law, mandating clearcutting of federal forests regardless of any environmental laws.

July 28. 1915: Haitians revolt and U.S. Marines invade and take control of government. Mass repression of grass roots groups follows; the Marines stay until handing power to their hand-picked dictator, "Papa Doc" Duvalier, in 1934.