Jan. 6. 1927: U.S. Marines re-invade Nicaragua after ending a 13-year occupation. 1937: Abraham Lincoln Brigade formed to fight Spanish fascism.

Jan. 7. 1939: AFL organizer Tom Mooney freed after a 22-year imprisonment on false charges. 1971: Federal courts enjoin most uses of the pesticide DDT, nine years after the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

Jan. 8. 1867: Birth of Emily Balch, co-founder of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. 1894: Yakama sign away 23,000 acres of timberland formerly inhabited by Wenatchee tribe to the U.S. for $20,000. 1912: African National Congress founded, South Africa. 1983: Legislation passed allowing Kickapoo tribal members, who live on both sides of Rio Grande near Eagle Pass, Texas, to apply for U.S. citizenship. 1993: A European community investigation reveals that Bosnian Serbs, in an orchestrated campaign, had raped up to 20,000 Muslim women.

Jan. 9. 1789: Treaty with the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottowa, Potawatomi, and Sauk is the first in the new U.S. to recognize Native Americans as independent "nations." 1859: Birth of Carrie Chapman Catt, pacifist and suffragist, co-founder of Women's Peace Party in 1915. 1908: Birth of Simone de Beauvoir, feminist, existentialist, and author of The Second Sex. 1964: U.S. troops kill 21 protesters in Panama Canal Zone.

Jan. 10. 1776: Thomas Paine's Common Sense published. 1972: Police kill four Black Muslims during gun battle in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1994: U.S. Supreme Court lets stand implementation of North American Free Trade Agreement despite lack of Environmental Impact Statement. 1996: 3,000 demonstrate and twelve arrested in protest of Newt Gingrich fundraising visit, Westin Hotel, Seattle. 1998: Over 20,000 villagers from the Narmada Valley of central India occupy the partially built site of the new, World Bank-funded Maheshwar Dam.

Jan. 11. 1908: A prominent young lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi, is jailed for the first time, for refusing to register as an Asian. Johannesburg, South Africa. 1912: Beginning of IWW-organized "Bread and Roses" textile strike of 32,000 women and children at Lawrence, Massachusetts. 1964: U.S. Surgeon General issues report linking cigarette smoking and lung cancer.

Jan. 12. 1641: James City, Virginia, passes law that if any Indian commits a crime, the first Indian apprehended must pay penalty, with life if necessary. 1833: Act passed making it unlawful for any Indian to remain within the boundaries of the state of Florida. 1876: Jack London, novelist and socialist, born. 1928: Police seize 800 copies of the lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness. 1951: International Convention on Genocide comes into force. 1962: President Kennedy signs Executive Order 10988, guaranteeing federal workers the right to join unions and bargain collectively. 1987: Twenty West German judges arrested for blockading the U.S. Air Force base at Mutlangen, West Germany.