Apr. 13. 1864: Confederate soldiers massacre black prisoners of war at Fort Pillow, Tenn. 1980: La Donna Harris, running mate of Barry Commoner, becomes first Native American running a major campaign for U.S. Vice President. (Winona LaDuke, 1996 VP candidate with Ralph Nader, would be the second.) 1996: Israeli Defense Force missiles kill two women and four children in ambulance as "legitimate target," southern Lebanon.

Apr. 14. 1775: First abolition society in the U.S. organized in Philadelphia, Penn. 1937: Bruderhof, a collectivist traditional Christian peace church, raided by Gestapo, Frankfurt, Germany. 1994: Two U.S. fighter jets shoot down two U.S. helicopters over Iraq. 1997: Launch of separate two-month marches of the unemployed in nearly a dozen European countries, to converge on a European Union meeting in June.

Apr. 15. 1889: Black labor leader and peace activist A. Philip Randolph born. 1967: First mass draft card burning as 400,000 march in New York City and 80,000 in San Francisco opposing Vietnam War. 1970: Police tear-gas anti-war protesters staffing flaming barricades which had been set up to block access to the University of Oregon in Eugene.

Apr. 16. 1452: Leonardo da Vinci born. 1550: In a Royal Order of Charles V of Spain, the question "What is an Indian?" was posed; exploration of America was suspended until the matter was settled. 1943: Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally invents lysergic acid diethylamide 25 (LSD). 1971: U.S. military veterans hurl medals onto White House lawn, Washington D.C.

Apr. 17. 1954: President Eisenhower issues a memo threatening use of atomic bomb against China. 1960: As a response to the Greensboro sit-in, 140 black students form Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Raleigh, North Carolina. 1965: 25,000 march in first major national demonstration against the Vietnam War, Washington D.C. 1986: Norweigan government rejects participation in Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars).

Apr. 18. 1970: 4,000 march in Seattle for peace in Southeast Asia, escorted by Seattle police officers with daffodils tied to their night sticks. 1996: 100 refugees in U.N. compound killed by Israeli artillery that intentionally targeted their camp, Quana, Lebanon. 1998: Labor organizations from across Latin America converge on Santiago, Chile, in a mass protest of Bill Clinton's free trade visit and negotiations there.

Apr. 19. 1943: Jews in Warsaw, Poland, begin revolt against Nazi tyranny. 1948: Costa Rica abolishes its army. 1988: U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Forest Service can build logging road through sacred lands of Yurok, Karok and Tolowa tribes in Northern California. 1989: Turret explosion aboard USS IOWA (BB-61) kills 47 sailors. Explosion is initially blamed on alleged suicide pact between gay sailors, as conjectured by Naval Investigative Service and as leaked to NBC News. Eventually, explosion is found to have been caused by unstable gun powder. Surviving gunner's mate sues NBC and Navy for libel and defamation of character.