Jan. 5. 1869: First black labor convention in U.S. 1991: 19 arrested in "Homes Not War" protest, Tucson, Arizona.

Jan. 6. 1864: U.S. Army captures 11,000 Navajos, later force-marching them 400 miles to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, killing thousands. Thousands more die of starvation after the army burns all Navajo crops and orchards.

Jan. 7. 1971: Federal courts enjoin most uses of the pesticide DDT, nine years after the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

Jan. 8. 1912: African National Congress founded, South Africa. 1991: 200 Teamsters leaders hold "Labor for Peace" meeting to oppose Gulf War, New York City.

Jan. 9. 1789: Treaty with the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottowa, Potawatomi, and Sauk is the first in the new U.S. to recognize Native Americans as independent "nations."

Jan. 10. 1972: Police kill four Black Muslims during gun battle in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1996: 3,000 demonstrate and twelve are arrested in protest of Newt Gingrich fundraising visit, Westin Hotel, Seattle.

Jan. 11. 1912: Beginning of IWW-organized "Bread and Roses" textile strike of 32,000 women and children at Lawrence, Massachusetts. 1975: CIA assassinates two Puerto Rican independence activists, Luis Chavonnier and Eddie Ramos, also killing a six-year-old child and injuring ten others.

Jan. 12. 1928: 1987: 20 West German judges arrested for blockading the U.S. Air Force base at Mutlangen, West Germany.

Jan. 13. 1993: Vigil against arrival of ship bringing plutonium for nuclear reactor, Tokai, Japan.

Jan. 14. 1991: An estimated 30,000-60,000 rally at Seattle Central Community College in vigil and opposition to pending U.S. invasion of Kuwait and Iraq. Protesters occupy Seattle's Federal Building. Univ. of Washington protesters block I-5 and march downtown to join the Federal Building demonstration. Evergreen State College students lead a demonstration that occupies the Washington state capitol building overnight.

Jan. 15. 1943: The Pentagon, originally planned as a research hospital and then built as a military facility in eleven months during World War II, is completed in Arlington, Virginia. 1969: Trial of Janet McCloud (Tulalip) and others for "fish-in" on Nisqually River in 1965; all are found not guilty.

Jan. 16. 1991: U.S. invades Kuwait and Iraq. Up to 400,000 Iraqi citizens die in the following weeks. Over 1,000,000 Iraqis have died from the 9-year-old economic embargo. U.S. planes continue bombing targets in Iraq to this day.

Jan. 17 1863: Mangas Colorado, Apache chief, agrees to peace talks, is then arrested and imprisoned at Fort McLane (Arizona). He is shot by two soldiers in his cell. 1993: Native Hawai'ians demonstrate against U.S. control of their homeland.

Jan. 18. 1958: Lumbee Indians drive Ku Klux Klan off their land in Maxton, NC. 1998: More than 2000 indigenous Tzeltals and Tojolbals from the Mexican state of Chiapas occupy the military barracks of the 39th Military Zone in protest over Mexican Army incursions into their communities.