July 19. 1975: The Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Territories and the Metis Association issue the Dene Declaration, calling for aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Territories to form a nation with the right to self-government. 19 years later, the Canadian government agrees to create a new First Nations territory, Nunavut, from the eastern 2/3 of the NW Territories, but would reserve for the Canadian government the rights to almost all mining, logging, and other resource extraction.

July 20. 1951: Mattachine Society, early gay rights organization, formally organized in California.

July 21. 1954: Geneva Accords signed, freeing Vietnam ("French Indochina") from French colonial rule.

July 22. 1995: Four foreign activists break Israeli padlocks and reopen the main gates to Hebron University in the West Bank, closed by Israeli security in 1987. The gates remain open after the incident.

July 23. 1968: Police kill seven in standoff with black nationalists in Cleveland, Ohio, triggering a day of riots and four more deaths.

July 24. 1988: 10,000 form a human chain for a cleaner North Sea, West Germany.

July 25. 1648: York county court upholds authority of colonists to kill on sight any free Indian they saw in settled area. 1963: Police arrest 23 young blacks in a sit-in at Seattle City Council chambers protesting appointment of only two blacks to the city's new Human Rights Commission.

July 26. 1874: Order given that friendly Indians were to remain in fixed camps at Wichita Agency, Oklahoma (Indian) Territory, and answer periodic roll calls. 1968: Beginning of several days of massive student protests in Mexico City; police arrest over a thousand and kill dozens.

July 27. 1979: U.S. Supreme Court upholds Boldt Decision, affirming the right of Washington tribes to half the salmon catch. 1995: President Clinton signs into law the salvage logging rider, which mandates clearcutting of federal forests regardless of environmental laws. He later claims he "didn't know what he was doing," but takes no action to slow the resulting devastation.

July 28. 1591: Anne Hutchinson banished from Boston because of her independent religious views. 1868: The 14th Amendment, giving equal rights to all non-Indian men, becomes part of the U.S. Constitution.

July 29. 1951: Conference of Africans, Indians and Coloureds agrees on mass campaign for end of oppressive new "apartheid" laws, South Africa.

July 30. 1970: Teamsters boss James Hoffa is disappeared from the parking lot of the Hungry Tiger coffee shop in suburban Birmingham, Mich.

July 31. 1977: One person is killed in 60,000 strong demonstration against Super-Phenix nuclear reactor, Malville, France.

Aug. 1. 1758: First Indian reservation in North America established by New Jersey Colonial Assembly. 1970: Puyallup Indians set up camp on Puyallup River and begin fishing to re-establish tribal fishing rights.