Apr. 11. 1963: Pacem in Terris encyclical issued by Pope John XIII, calling for an end to the nuclear arms race. 1996: Treaty of Pelindaba signed in Cairo, making Africa a nuclear-free continent and at least in theory making the entire southern hemisphere a nuclear-free zone.

Apr. 12. 1935: 60,000 college students around the US go on strike against war. 1967: 1,500 march down the Ave. in Seattle's U-District in opposition to Vietnam War.

Apr. 13. 1980: La Donna Harris, running mate of Barry Commoner, becomes first Native American running a major campaign for US Vice President. (Winona LaDuke, 1996 and 2000 VP candidate with Ralph Nader, would be the second.)

Apr. 14. 1775: First abolition society in the US organized in Philadelphia, Penn. 1937: Bruderhof, a collectivist traditional Christian peace church, raided by Gestapo, Frankfurt, Germany. The Bruderhof now have anumber of compounds in the northeastern US and have worked tirelessly for the freedom of Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Apr. 15. 1919: Start of victorious six-day strike across New England by first women-led US union, Telephone Operators Department of IBEW.

Apr. 16. 1746: Massacre of Scots by English army, Culloden, Scotland. 1971: US military veterans hurl medals onto White House lawn, Washington DC

Apr. 17. 1960: As a response to the Greensboro sit-in, 140 black students form Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Apr. 18. 1996: 100 refugees in UN compound killed by intentionally targeted Israeli artillery, Quana, Lebanon. 1998: Labor organizations from across Latin America converge on Santiago, Chile, in a mass protest of Bill Clinton's free trade visit and negotiations there.

Apr. 19. 1952: 35 Operation Gandhi supporters picket Aldermaston spy base, Britain. 1988: US Supreme Court rules that the Forest Service can build logging road through sacred lands of Yurok, Karok, and Tolowa tribes in Northern California.

Apr. 20. 1971: The US Supreme Court rules that school busing is a constitutionally acceptable method of integrating public schools. 1985: 250,000 march in Washington, DC to protest US policy in Central America.

Apr. 21. 1834: 30,000 march for freedom of trade unionists transported to Australia from Tolpuddle, Britain. 1972: Protesters in El Paso, Texas, pelt Gen. Westmoreland with tomatos.

Apr. 22. 1978: Bob Marley & the Wailers perform at the One Love Peace Concert in Jamaica. It was Marley's first public appearance in Jamaica since being wounded in an assassination attempt a year and a half earlier.

Apr. 23. 1860: Birth of Charles H. Kerr. Establishes radical publishing house, still going strong today. 1996: Nineteen demonstrators arrested in Kiev, Ukraine, during illegal anti-nuclear protest marking 10th anniversary of Chernobyl.

Apr. 24. 1731: Daniel Defoe dies. English novelist, pamphleteer, journalist, author of Robinson Crusoe. Along with Samuel Richardson, considered founder of the English novel. An intellience agent for the Tories, then the Whigs, in his days regarded as an unscrupulous, diabolical journalist.