July 11. 1947: Eight black prisoners killed in Georgia for refusing to work in swamp without boots. 1967: A week of riots begins in Newark, New Jersey, eventually leaving 26 dead, 1,500 wounded and over 1,000 arrested amidst widespread charges of police brutality.

July 12. 1810: Members of shoemakers' union face trial in New York City for striking to win wage increases. 1951: Adlai Stevenson calls National Guard to stop rioting in Cicero, Illinois. Mob of 3,500 tries to keep an African-American family from moving into the city. July 13. 1637: Pequot War, which began when colonists attacked and murdered 500 Pequot Indians, ends with the massacre of the tribe near Fairfield, Connecticut. 1962: British Committee of 100 demonstrates against all nuclear weapons, Red Square, Moscow, USSR.

July 14. 1912: Birth of folk singer Woody Guthrie. 1950: Indian Claims Commission upholds Indian claim for the first time in its history, awarding $3.5 million to the Choctaw and Chickasaw for lands illegally taken at the end of the Civil War.

July 15. 1917: 50,000 lumberjacks strike for eight-hour day. 1955: 52 Nobel laureates, led by Albert Einstein, call on all states to renounce force as an act of policy. Mainau, West Germany.

July 16. 1877: A wildcat strike of 30 railroad firemen in Martinsburg, West Virginia, protesting wage cutbacks, escalates into two weeks of national worker rebellion against the railroad industry and federal government. Riots killed dozens in the Midwest and East Coast, and strikers briefly seized the city governments of Pittsburgh and St. Louis.

July 17. 1979: Nicaraguan dictator Somoza flees to Florida. 1980: 28 female members of Canadian Parliament of all parties announce they will fight for repeal of section of Indian Act that denies Indian status to Indian women marrying non-Indians.

July 18. 1964: Riots break out in Harlem, New York, after a police officer shoots an unarmed black youth, in the first of a series of summer racial riots in Brooklyn, Rochester, Paterson, Elizabeth, Newark, Philadelphia and suburban Chicago.

July 19. 1848: First Women's Rights Convention in U.S. at Seneca Falls, New York. 1979: Nicaraguan "Sandanista" rebels overthrow U.S.-supported Somoza dictatorship; mass celebrations in streets of Managua.

July 20. 1951: Mattachine Society, early gay rights organization, formally organized in California. 1971: First labor contract in the history of the federal government signed by postal unions and the Postal Service through the collective bargaining process.

July 21. 1954: Geneva Accords signed, freeing Vietnam ("French Indochina") from French colonial rule. 1967: Death of Albert Luthuli, nonviolent freedom campaigner, South Africa.

July 22. 1988: Fast breeder nuclear reactor shut down as unnecessary and uneconomic, Dounreay, Scotland. 1992: Month-long hunger strike of women against the Mafia begins, Palermo, Sicily.

July 23. 1917: Birth of feminist, lesbian, pacifist and civil rights activist Barbara Deming. 1968: Police kill seven in standoff with black nationalists in Cleveland, Ohio, triggering a day of riots and four more deaths. July 24. 1893: Birth of British pacifist Ammon Hennacy. 1988: 10,000 form a human chain for a cleaner North Sea, West Germany.