July 17. 1927: First aerial military bombing of a civilian population, by a US Marine squadron of 7 airplanes at Ocatal, Nicaragua, kills 300. 1981: First land titles distributed to Nicaraguan peasants under land reform.

July 18. 1964: Riots break out in Harlem, New York, after a police officer shoots an unarmed black youth, in the first of a series of summer racial riots in Brooklyn, Rochester, Paterson, Elizabeth, Newark, Philadelphia and suburban Chicago.

July 19. 1848: First Women's Rights Convention in US at Seneca Falls, New York. 1979: Nicaraguan "Sandanista" rebels overthrow US-supported dictator Somoza; mass celebrations in streets of Managua.

July 20. 2001: 23-year-old Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by paramilitary police, and hundreds of others are seriously wounded in unprovoked police attacks, during demonstrations at the G8 Summit in Genoa, Italy. Over 1500 gathered for 3 days to protest.

July 21. 1878: Publication of "Eight Hours," the most popular labor song until "Solidarity Forever" is published by the IWW. 1896: National Association of Colored Women formed.

July 22. 1877: General strike in St. Louis, part of railroad strike that paralyzed the country. Workers briefly seized control of the city. 1967: Poet/socialist Carl Sandburg, 89, dies, Flat Rock, NC.

July 23. 1967: Start of seven days of rioting in Detroit, ultimately resulting in 40 dead, 2,000 wounded and 5,000 made homeless. 1968: Police kill seven in standoff with black nationalists in Cleveland, OH, triggering a day of riots and 4 more deaths.

July 24. 1934: Death of Nestor Makhno, Paris. Anarchist general; led insurrectionary army of peasants; fought Red and White Russian armies during the Russian Revolution. Eventually crushed by the Trotsky's Red Army.

July 25. 1972: US health officials concede blacks were used as guinea pigs in 40-year syphilis experiment. 1990: US Ambassador April Gillespie tells Iraq that US won't take sides in Iraq-Kuwait dispute.

July 26. 1947: US armed forces consolidated in newly created Department of Defense, replacing the previous US War Department. The same legislation, the National Security Act, also establishes the CIA, the National Security Agency, and numerous other secret "black budget" government agencies outside public review.

July 27. 1919: Racial violence erupts in Chicago when a black youth crossed an unseen color line at the 29th Street Beach and was drowned by rock-throwing whites. 28 eventually killed, and at least 500 were injured.

1957: Jimmy Wilson, a black farmhand from Marion, Alabama is sentenced to death for stealing $1.95 from a white woman.

July 28. 1869: Women shoemakers found Daughters of St. Crispin, one of the earliest national women's unions, in Lynn, Mass., to demand equal pay.

July 29. 1895: First National African American women's meeting, Boston, MA. 1951: Conference of Africans, Indians and Coloureds agrees on mass campaign for end of oppressive new "apartheid" laws, South Africa.

July 30. 1863: President Lincoln issues "eye-for-eye" order to shoot a rebel prisoner for every black prisoner shot.

July 31. 1969: A Moscow police chief reports that thousands of telephone booths have been made inoperable by thieves who have stolen phone parts in order to convert their acoustic guitars to electric.